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| Knowledge and understanding of science and how science works |
show understanding of how scientific knowledge and ideas change over time and how these changes are validated. |
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| Atomic structure | know that atoms consist of a central nucleus containing
protons and neutrons surrounded by 'orbiting' electrons know the relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons and their relative electric charges |
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| Energy, Radiation and the Universe | know the theory of the origin of the Solar System
in terms of the gravitational collapse of a cloud of gas (largely
hydrogen and helium) and dust. appreciate the role of previous generations of stars in the existence of elements heavier than helium in the Solar System and that the fraction of heavier elements in the universe is gradually increasing as a result of the processes in stars. know how studies of the electromagnetic radiation from distant galaxies lead to a model of an expanding universe and that the further they are away, the bigger their speed. know that Red Shift measurements provide evidence that the universe started with a hot Big Bang which, according to current measurements, occurred 12-15 thousand million years ago. |
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